撤退与条约

J. Drijvers
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本章考察罗马军队从波斯撤退到安提阿的过程。由于波斯分遣队不断地进攻,造成了严重的损失,所以反冲很慢。此外,罗马人还饱受饥饿、干渴和炎热的折磨。出乎意料的是,波斯国王沙普尔二世提出了和平谈判。由此产生的条约被Ammianus和其他人以及现代学者认为是罗马人的耻辱,因为领土和据点,包括重要的尼西比斯城,都必须投降。朱庇安因为一桩糟糕的交易而受到指责,因为他想尽快回到罗马的土地上,以确保他的皇帝地位。然而,详细讨论的条约条件并没有那么糟糕。罗马不得不放弃特兰蒂格里坦地区、十五个要塞,以及尼西比斯、辛格拉和卡斯特拉·莫罗伦等城市,其中一些城市实际上已经属于波斯,但在法律上不是。作为回报,朱庇安不必投降,并被允许带着他的全部军队安全返回罗马领土。沙普尔坚决要拿回他的祖父纳尔西斯在298/299年条约中被迫向罗马投降的特兰斯提格利坦领土。因此,363年条约回到了298/299年罗马-波斯条约之前的情况;它恢复了罗马帝国和波斯帝国之间的权力平衡,并在两个帝国之间引入了很长一段相对和平的关系。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Retreat and Treaty
This chapter examines the retreat of the Roman army from Persia to Antioch. The recoil was slow because of permanent attacks by Persian contingents at the expense of serious losses. Moreover, the Romans were suffering from hunger, thirst, and the heat. Somewhat unexpectedly, the Persian king Shapur II offered peace negotiations. The resulting treaty is considered by Ammianus and others, as well as by modern scholarship, as shameful for the Romans because territories and strongholds, including the important city of Nisibis, had to be surrendered. Jovian was being blamed for a bad deal because he wanted to return to Roman soil as soon as possible in order to secure his position as emperor. However, the conditions of the treaty, which are discussed in detail, were not that bad. Rome had to yield Transtigritane regions, fifteen strongholds, and the cities of Nisibis, Singara, and Castra Maurorum, some of which were already de facto but not de jure in Persian possession. In return, Jovian did not have to surrender and was offered a safe return with his complete army to Roman territory. Shapur was adamant about getting back the Transtigritane territories which his grandfather Narses had been forced to surrender to Rome by the treaty of 298/299. The 363 treaty was therefore a return to the situation before the Roman–Persian treaty of 298/299; it restored the balance of power between the Roman and Persian empires, and introduced a long period of relatively peaceful relations between the two empires.
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