Architects in Motion — Reasons, Conditions, and Consequences of Professional Migration from Russia and the Soviet Union to Italy, France, and Great Britain in 1905 – 1941

During that special period of Russian history between the First Revolution 1905 and the Second World War, the profound changes of construction industry, of traditional systems of architectural education, together with cardinal socio-political transformation of the country profoundly modified architectural profession. A lot of professionals had to leave the country due to social cataclysms. The aim of the paper is to draw up as much as possible a complete picture of the emigration of architects from Russia to Italy, France, and Great Britain, analyzing the circumstances of the emigration and the further careers of those architects and describing the heritage they left, as well as to estimate their place and role in the history of architecture.