Real-time integration of E-Mobility data for the implementation of novel energy paradigms

The integration between Electric Mobility (EM) and Power Electric Infrastructures (PEI) is the central concept of the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) paradigm, which is seen as crucial for the upcoming transition towards sustainable energy and mobility. The planned adoption of V2G in smart cities foresees the coexistence of two interconnecting layers: a physical layer given by the EM Charging Infrastructure (EMCI), and a virtual layer given by an ICT-based management platform. On one hand, the EMCI will be likely composed of charging stations and Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems, allowing a bidirectional power exchange between EM and PEI. On the other hand, the virtual layer will be composed of an Energy Management Platform (EMP) aiming to control these bidirectional power flows. This includes the set of sensors needed to bidirectionally exchange real-time information with the EV fleet and the CI. This paper wants to investigate the state-of-the-art regarding the real-time control of a V2G infrastructure. The aim is to provide information on the V2G control structures proposed in literature, in order to stimulate a cross-field research on the topic.