Teaching CS1 with a Mastery Learning Framework: Impact on Students' Learning and Engagement

Mastery Learning, a pedagogical strategy in which students are allowed to prove mastery of the skills acquired in a course over multiple attempts (and used failed attempts as feedback) is becoming increasingly popular in higher education. Large introductory programming courses can use it to strengthen students' preparation for later courses, but some challenges to its adoption remain, such as how to scale this format to hundreds of students, or how to ensure that students do not fall behind on the material. In Spring 2021, the instructors at the Anonymous University transformed the structure of their CS1 course using a Mastery Learning format, reorganizing the material in units focused on the different course topics. Students were allowed to prove mastery of each unit separately and over multiple times, without penalties for missed or failed attempts. In this experience report, we will describe the strategies adopted to cater to a large cohort of novice students. We will compare the students' learning experience with a cohort of students who took the course in a more traditional format, and show that the students benefited from the new format in terms of quantity of skills mastered. Students also exhibited signs of increased motivation to practice and complete tests without grade incentives. Finally, we will discuss some pitfalls in our design and address some of the concerns of instructors interested in trying a Mastery Learning approach in their CS1 courses.