Red-shield: Shielding read disturbance for STT-RAM based register files on GPUs

To address the high energy consumption issue of SRAM on GPUs, emerging Spin-Transfer Torque (STT-RAM) memory technology has been intensively studied to build GPU register files for better energy-efficiency, thanks to its benefits of low leakage power, high density, and good scalability. However, STT-RAM suffers from a reliability issue, read disturbance, which stems from the fact that the voltage difference between read current and write current becomes smaller as technology scales. The read disturbance leads to high error rates for read operations, which cannot be effectively protected by SECDEC ECC on large-capacity register files of GPUs. Prior schemes (e.g. read-restore) to mitigate the read disturbance usually incur either non-trivial performance loss or excessive energy overhead, thus not applicable for the GPU register file design which aims to achieve both high performance and energy-efficiency. To combat the read disturbance on GPU register files, we propose a novel software-hardware co-designed solution, i.e. Red-Shield, which consists of three optimizations to overcome limitations of the existing solutions. First, we identify dead reads at compiling stage and augment instructions to avoid unnecessary restores. Second, we employ a small read buffer to accommodate register reads with high access locality to further reduce restores. Third, we propose an adaptive restore mechanism to selectively pick the suitable restore scheme, according to the busy status of corresponding register banks. Experimental results show that our proposed design can effectively mitigate the performance loss and energy overhead caused by restore operations, while still maintaining the reliability of reads.