Social acceptance for CO2-EOR and CCS projects based on survey conducted in southeastern Poland

Economic development is inextricably linked to the usage of energy. Currently in Poland the main sources of energy are largely non-renewable. Energy from renewable sources now accounts for a small percentage of the overall resources. Increasing demand for energy makes it necessary to make investments aimed at fi nding new hydrocarbon reservoirs and increasing production from existing fi elds. When a reservoir’s natural energy is exhausted or is too small and primary recovery methods (a reservoir’s natural energy is used) ceases to be profi table secondary and tertiary methods of oil production are used. Secondary methods use physical mechanisms of displacement – injecting water or gas into the reservoir, and the tertiary methods (EOR – Enhanced Oil Recovery) consist in supporting the production process by providing energy that replaces or assists primary and secondary mechanisms of repression [1–4]. EOR methods utilize operations based among others on the delivery of heat, changing the properties of oil and chemical reactions occurring between injected fl uids and oil [5]. The use of tertiary methods of extraction at the initial stage of exploitation makes it possible to increase the effi ciency of their production, thereby to lower operating costs. One of most popular EOR methods is injecting CO2 into the reservoir [6]. Intensifi cation of oil recovery using carbon dioxide is most eff ective when the composition of oil and reservoir conditions allow for mixing of the injected gas with oil. In the case of a signifi cant density and too low oil pressure injected gas is used only as a displacing medium, since it is not mixed with oil. Particular attention is aroused by projects that combine the technologies of production intensifi cation using carbon dioxide (CO2-EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS). CCS involves the capture of carbon dioxide emitted by industrial installations and its subsequent