日本晚婚与收入不平等:与父母同住的未婚成年人数量增加对家庭的影响

S. Shirahase
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引用次数: 0

摘要

自1980年以来,日本的生育率持续下降。2005年日本的总生育率为1.32,远低于2.08的人口替代率。生育率下降的主要原因之一是年轻人推迟结婚,甚至回避结婚。在这篇论文中,我们将从年轻人与家庭的关系来看,从欧洲和美国的比较角度来研究日本未婚成年人与父母同住的经济差距。我在这篇论文中分析的国家是法国、德国、意大利、瑞典、英国、美国和台湾,与日本相比。本文由两部分组成。首先,我将检查未婚成年人家庭之间的经济差异,其次,与父母共同居住的决定因素将被仔细审查。日本青年失业率的程度不像欧洲国家那么高,但人们普遍发现,青年往往是经济衰退的目标,他们面临着很高的经济风险。未婚的年轻人并不总是独自生活,而是与家人(主要是父母)合住。在日本,只有不到20%的未婚成年人独自生活,而在意大利和台湾,这一比例甚至低于日本。未婚成年人在家庭经济中所占的收入比例或多或少与家庭收入呈负相关。因此,未婚成年人在家庭中并不总是依赖父母,但在某些情况下,未婚成年人通过与父母同住来支持家庭收入,特别是在低收入群体中。未婚成年子女在家庭中的经济作用因家庭经济水平的不同而不同。在决定未婚成年人是否与父母同住时,经济因素对男性和女性都很重要。由于他们的个人收入不够高,无法组建独立的家庭,所以他们住在父母家里。这项分析中最有趣的发现是性别角色与父母的生活安排。如果母亲外出工作,未婚成年女性不太可能留在父母家中,而母亲的工作对男性没有显著影响。当未婚的女儿进入劳动力市场时,人们希望她在家庭中接替母亲的角色,因此,未婚成年人的家庭角色是有性别分配的。因此,未婚成年人的经济水平和分配家庭角色中的性别约束是决定与父母生活安排的重要因素。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Delay in Marriage and Income Inequality in Japan: The Impact of the Increased Number of Unmarried Adults Living with Their Parents on the Household
The continuous decline in the fertility rate has been witnessed since 1980 in Japan. Japan's total fertility rate in 2005 is 1.32, which is far below the replacement rate, 2.08. One of the main reasons for declining the fertility rate is the delay in marriage or even shy away from marriage among young adults. In this paper, looking at youth interms of their relation to the household, we will examine the economic disparities of unmarried adults living with their parents in Japan in comparative perspective with Europe and U.S. The countries which I analyze in this paper are France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, U.K., U.S., and Taiwan, compared with Japan. The paper consists of twoparts. First, I will examine economic disparities among households with unmarried adults, and second, the determinants of co-residence with their parents will be scrutinized. The degree of the Japanese youth unemployment rate is not as high as those in European countries, but it is commonly found that the youth tend to be targeted by economic downturns, and that they are exposed to high economic risk. Young unmarried people do not always live alone, but share their households with their family, mostly their parents. Less than 20 percent of unmarried adults live alone in Japan, and in Italy and Taiwan, its corresponding figures are even lower than thatin Japan. The proportion of income derived from unmarried adults in the household economy is more or less negatively associated with family income. Therefore, unmarried adults are not always dependent on their parents in the household but there are cases in which unmarried adults are the ones who support the family incomeby living with their parents, particularly in low-income groups. The economic role of unmarried adult children in the household differs by the level of household economy. In determining if unmarried adults live with their parents, the economic factor is important for both men and women. Since their individual income is not high enough to have their independent households, they stay in their parental home. The most interesting finding in this analysis is on the gender role in living arrangement with their parents. Unmarried female adults are less likely to stay in their parental home if their mothers are at work, while there is no significant impact of mother's work on their male counterparts. Unmarried daughters are like to be expected to take over the mother's role in the households when she is in the labor force, so there is a gendered allocation of family role for unmarried adults. Thus, the economic levels of unmarried adults and the gender constrain in allocating family roles were important in determining the living arrangement with the parents.
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