μNAS: Constrained Neural Architecture Search for Microcontrollers

IoT devices are powered by microcontroller units (MCUs) which are extremely resource-scarce: a typical MCU may have an underpowered processor and around 64 KB of memory and persistent storage. Designing neural networks for such a platform requires an intricate balance between keeping high predictive performance (accuracy) while achieving low memory and storage usage and inference latency. This is extremely challenging to achieve manually, so in this work, we build a neural architecture search (NAS) system, called μNAS, to automate the design of such small-yet-powerful MCU-level networks. μNAS explicitly targets the three primary aspects of resource scarcity of MCUs: the size of RAM, persistent storage and processor speed. μNAS represents a significant advance in resource-efficient models, especially for "mid-tier" MCUs with memory requirements ranging from 0.5 KB to 64 KB. We show that on a variety of image classification datasets μNAS is able to (a) improve top-1 classification accuracy by up to 4.8%, or (b) reduce memory footprint by 4-13×, or (c) reduce the number of multiply-accumulate operations by at least 2×, compared to existing MCU specialist literature and resource-efficient models. μNAS is freely available for download at https://github.com/eliberis/uNAS