Potensi Vaksin Antibodi Anti-PfRH5 Berbasis Nanopartikel Liposom sebagai Modalitas Preventif Mutakhir pada Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is an infectious disease caused by the protozoa Plasmodium falciparum, estimated to have the greatest morbidity and mortality of all cases in humans. In addition, prevention and treatment efforts are currently being challenged by resistance to insecticides and anti-malaria drugs. This instigates the need for a more specific prevention method. This article, therefore, aims to determine the potential of anti-PfRH5 antibody vaccines, based on liposome nanoparticles, as the final preventive modality in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The method used in this review involved searching study literature. The search resulted in 60 journals, and a total of 48 were obtained after screening according to the topic of discussion, and thus adopted as references to this work. Furthermore Plasmodium falciparum life cycle is characterized by an invasion phase of erythrocytes, where the Reticulocyte-binding Protein Homologue 5 (PfRH5) and basigin (BSG) serve as essential ligand-receptor pairs. The addition of liposome nanoparticles is vital to protect the anti-PfRH5 antibody vaccine component, and prevent easy degradation, thus improving the vaccine efficacy in the inhibiting the merozoites invasion process. This potential target as a malaria vaccine is very significant and specific, and is supported by the emergence of natural immune responses capable of deterring parasite growth. The immune response involves the action of specific IgG, estimated to provide a protective effect by inhibiting the occurrence of a PfRH5-BSG bond, therefore preventing the invasion process occurrence. Therefore, liposome-based PfRH5 vaccine specific to merozoites is a prospective preventive modality in the development of a Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine, although further research is needed to determine the efficacy and possible induction of antibodies in the body.