Design and Analysis of Underwater Bifacial Solar Photovoltaic Cell

Bifacial solar cells have the ability to generate more energy than mono-facial solar cells since both of their front and back surfaces can capture solar radiation. In some cases, a 5-20% increase in output power is claimed in the literature. There is currently no established method for quantifying underwater bifacial modules. This paper compares measurements of underwater bifacial modules in both natural and artificial lighting conditions. This article discusses PV characteristics in both natural and underwater environments. The test scenarios involve submerging solar panels at various depths in water containing 244 ppm TDS. A halogen lamp, which can effectively cover the infrared spectrum of lightning, was used to provide artificial lighting.