棘形鱼类第一椎体的形态变异——从微脊椎动物遗址中识别化石中心的指南

Alison M. Murray, D. Brinkman
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引用次数: 0

摘要

无数的鱼类化石标本已经从微脊椎动物化石遗址中被发现,这些化石遗址中聚集了来自多个个体的小而孤立的骨骼元素。积累起来的骨骼残骸,通常是由流动的水运输的结果,提供了一个重要的窗口,在更广泛的地区和更广泛的时期存在的动物群,而不是由单个的关节标本所代表的。虽然微脊椎动物的位置提供了分类群的重要记录,但化石元素的分离状况可能给分类鉴定带来困难。对于鱼类来说尤其如此,它们在微化石遗址中最常见的代表是脊椎中心;然而,鱼类中心在较低的分类水平上是出了名的难以识别的,部分原因是大量的活鱼和缺乏比较收集。可以说,所有鱼类中最独特的椎体是棘鱼的第一个腹部椎体。在棘形鱼中,与所有其他鱼类相比,第一个椎体有两个不同的(独立的左和右)面,用于与枕外关节关节连接,枕外关节通常或多或少位于枕基关节面的背外侧,形成独特的三方形态。我们在这里记录了许多棘形鱼类的第一个中心,并评估了分类或系统发育一致性的形态,这将使我们能够识别特定棘形鱼类群体的孤立中心。我们记录的特征包括:神经弓是与椎体融合(如棘翼旁病和棘翼不全症)还是自体(大多数棘翼病);外枕的左右切面是在中线相交(例如,Boops Boops)还是相隔很远(例如,percids和scorpaenids);以及在椎体上的骨纹理,其可以是形成许多小空间的吻合网络(例如,Scomber spp)或没有空间的更坚固的网络(例如,Channidae)等。从我们对标本的检查中,我们注意到在所检查的分类群中有几个独特的特征:白鳍单鱼的第一个中心是棘骨,第一个神经弓有向后延伸的突起;平掌骨的第一椎体具有从关节面延伸的腹侧突,与枕外关节相连;暗伞神经弓上有前副突;青藻和斑疤痕的横突从中央的腹侧延伸,形成长三角突;喉状窦的神经弓有腹外侧突延伸到椎体的腹侧面。我们还发现,第一个化石中心的整体形态在一个科内是保守的,这表明在许多情况下,化石材料至少可以识别到科水平。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Morphological variation in the first vertebra among acanthomorph fishes – a guide for identifying fossil centra from microvertebrate sites
Innumerable fossil fish specimens have been recovered from fossil microvertebrate sites – areas in which small, isolated elements of the skeleton from multiple individuals have been amassed. The accumulated skeletal remains, often the result of transportation by moving waters, provide an important window on the fauna that was present in a wider area during a broader period of time than that represented by individual articulated specimens. Although microvertebrate localities provide important records of taxa, the disarticulated condition of the fossil elements can cause difficulties for taxonomic identification. This is particularly true for fish, which are most commonly represented in microfossil sites by vertebral centra; however, fish centra are notoriously difficult to identify at lower taxonomic levels, partly because of the vast numbers of living fish and lack of comparative collections. Arguably, the most distinctive vertebral centrum among all fish is the first abdominal centrum of Acanthomorpha. In acanthomorphs, in contrast to all other fishes, the first centrum bears two distinct (separate left and right) facets for articulation with the exoccipitals, which are normally positioned more or less dorsolateral to the articular facet for the basioccipital, forming a unique tri-partite morphology. We here document the first centrum of numerous acanthomorph fishes, and assess the morphologies for taxonomic or phylogenetic consistencies that would allow us to identify isolated centra to a particular acanthomorph group. Features we document include: whether the neural arch is fused to the centrum (as in the paracanthopterygians Lota lota and Percopsis omiscomaycus) or autogenous (most acanthopterygians); whether the left and right facets for the exoccipitals meet in the midline (e.g., Boops boops) or are widely separated (e.g., percids and scorpaenids); and the bone texture on the centrum which may be an anastomosed network forming many small spaces (e.g., Scomber spp.) or a more solid network with no spaces (e.g., Channidae), among others. From our examination of specimens, we note several unique features among the taxa examined: the first centrum of Monopterus alba is opisthocoelus and the first neural arch has processes extending posteriorly; the first centrum of Leiognathus equula has ventral process extending from the facets for articulation with the exoccipitals; there are anterior accessory processes on the neural arch of Parachanna obscura; the transverse processes of Chlorurus sp. and Scarus vetula extend from the ventral area of the centrum and form long triangular processes; and the neural arch of Siganus guttatus has ventrolateral processes that extend to the level of the ventral surface of the centrum. We also find that the overall morphology of the first centrum is conservative within a family, indicating that in many cases fossil material may be identified at least to the family level.
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