设计市场:经济学、计算机科学和现实世界

S. Athey
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引用次数: 0

摘要

最近电子商务的爆炸式增长经常把经济学家、计算机科学家和企业聚集在一起,寻求新的市场设计,成功地吸引参与者并成为可行的企业。现实世界的设计一直受到理论见解、经验证据和实践经验的指导。本次讲座探讨了在哪些方面需要新的理论和证据来回答具有实际重要性的问题,以及哪些类型的概念框架、见解和方法在实践中具有最大的影响力和相关性。市场设计经济学的一个关键观点是,市场规则(如拍卖规则)对市场参与和剩余分配的影响,往往比规则对固定参与者行为的影响重要得多。讲座还将考虑如何在程式化模型和实践之间进行映射,重点是识别理论中最常在实践中失败的假设,以及这对理论意味着的新问题;例如,在现实应用中,通常没有机制可以在无先验的、激励兼容的模型中产生有效的分配,因此市场设计者需要一个框架来评估可选机制之间的权衡,并且必须考虑不同类型的稳健性和机制特征的相对重要性。最后,在市场设计迅速发展的在线市场中,理论可以用来指导现实世界的实验和实证分析,而实证证据反过来可以告诉我们哪些理论问题是最重要的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Designing markets: economics, computer science and the real world
The recent explosion of electronic commerce has frequently brought together economists, computer scientists, and businesses in the pursuit of new designs for markets that succeed in attracting participants and becoming viable businesses. Real-world design has been guided by theoretical insights, empirical evidence and practical experience. This talk explores where new theory and evidence are needed to answer questions of practical importance, as well as what kinds of conceptual frameworks, insights and approaches have the most influence and relevance in practice. One key insight from the economics of market design is that the effect of the rules of a market, such as auction rules, on participation and division of surplus within a marketplace is often much more important than the impact of the rules on behavior for a fixed set of participants. The talk will also consider how to map between stylized models and practice, focusing on identifying the assumptions from theory that most often fail in practice and the new questions that this implies for theory; for example, in a realistic application there is typically no mechanism that yields efficient allocation in a prior-free, incentive-compatible model, and so the market designer needs a framework for evaluating tradeoffs between alternative mechanisms, and must consider the relative importance of different types of robustness and features of a mechanism. Finally, in online marketplaces with rapidly evolving market designs, theory can be used to guide real-world experiments and empirical analysis, and empirical evidence can in turn inform us about what theoretical issues are most important.
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