Chronic hypoparathyroidism: clinical manifestations, complications and impact on the quality of life

Hypoparathyroidism is a relatively rare endocrine disorder caused by the absence production of parathyroid hormone, leading to the classical biochemical features such as hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia.The data from Europe, the USA and Asian countries shows that the long course of chronic postsurgical and non-surgical hypoparathyroidism can lead to many complications from different organs and systems. Hypoparathyroidism increases the risk of kidney disease, including kidney failure, neuropsychiatric disorders and infections. The frequency and degree of disease complications depend on its etiology. Non-surgical hypoparathyroidism is associated with an increased risks of cataracts, cardiovascular diseases and vertebral fractures; however, the pathogenesis of these disorders is not fully understood. Various parameters of mineral homeostasis were discussed in the context of identified complications. For example, persistent hypercalciuria and intake of large doses of calcium and vitamin D supplements were associated with the structural pathology of the kidneys (nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis).This review covers the issue of the clinical manifestations and complications of chronic hypoparathyroidism, as well as predictors of their development.