干涉范围:美国外交政策与黎巴嫩崩溃,1967-1976

Jeffrey G. Karam
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Both arguments are meant to convince the reader that rather than focus on one set of factors, a proper study of US involvement in Lebanon between 1967 and 1976 should incorporate the different domestic, regional, and international factors that shaped US policy at the time. Stocker considers Lebanon's slide into mayhem alongside other regional and international events, such as the October War of 1973, the detente between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the various disengagement agreements and disagreements between a number of Arab states and Israel during the 1970s, making his account of the underlying factors that ignited the Lebanese Civil War among the most comprehensive.Spheres of Intervention consists of an introduction, eight chapters, and an epilogue. In the introduction, Stocker discusses US interests in Lebanon and surveys existing literature on the causes of the civil war, which include the fragility of Lebanon's political system, foreign meddling in Lebanon's internal affairs, the effects of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and poor socioeconomic development. The first three chapters deal with important junctures between the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and the Jordanian Civil War of 1970, known as Black September. Chapters four and five focus on the heightened tension and subsequent skirmishes between Palestinian militants and the Lebanese government leading up to the October War of 1973, as well as the state of sociopolitical affairs in Lebanon before the outbreak of the civil war. The last three chapters examine the first two years of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-76) and the intense negotiations between various Arab states, the United States, and Israel to broker temporary peace between the warring factions. More specifically, chapters six and seven demonstrate that Lebanon became a battleground for regional contestation between Syria and Israel, as well as between Syria and different Arab states. The epilogue fast-forwards through Lebanon's civil war and ends with the United States calling on the Lebanese government to implement UN resolutions, particularly regarding the disarmament of Hizballah's armed forces and other militas on Lebanese soil and, in the wake of the assassination of Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri in 2005, the creation of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.As the product of serious research drawing on multiple sources, Spheres of Intervention is unique in the way it approaches US policy and the beginning of Lebanon's civil war. Parts of the book's analysis, however, prompt concerns about the interpretation of sources and linkages (or lack thereof) between important events in the time period covered. The first concern relates to the author's extreme reluctance to connect the dots between the various archival materials. It is understandable that Stocker refrains from making grandiose assertions that cannot be properly substantiated. Nevertheless, the author's analysis of US military and financial support to right-wing Christian militias is very limited and troubling. As a matter of fact, Stocker vacillates between implicating the United States in taking sides, particularly by supporting Christian militias in the build-up to the Lebanese Civil War (18, 63-64, 131-32), and dismissing this partisanship by claiming that the United States refrained from actively fueling civil conflict (63-64, 144, 166, 224). …","PeriodicalId":184252,"journal":{"name":"Arab Studies Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"6","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Spheres of Intervention: Us Foreign Policy and the Collapse of Lebanon, 1967-1976\",\"authors\":\"Jeffrey G. Karam\",\"doi\":\"10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim220070087\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"SPHERES OF INTERVENTION: US FOREIGN POLICY AND THE COLLAPSE OF LEBANON, 1967-1976 James R. 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In the introduction, Stocker discusses US interests in Lebanon and surveys existing literature on the causes of the civil war, which include the fragility of Lebanon's political system, foreign meddling in Lebanon's internal affairs, the effects of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and poor socioeconomic development. The first three chapters deal with important junctures between the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and the Jordanian Civil War of 1970, known as Black September. Chapters four and five focus on the heightened tension and subsequent skirmishes between Palestinian militants and the Lebanese government leading up to the October War of 1973, as well as the state of sociopolitical affairs in Lebanon before the outbreak of the civil war. The last three chapters examine the first two years of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-76) and the intense negotiations between various Arab states, the United States, and Israel to broker temporary peace between the warring factions. 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引用次数: 6

摘要

《干涉领域:美国外交政策与黎巴嫩崩溃,1967-1976》,作者:杰弗里·g·卡拉明《干涉领域:美国外交政策与黎巴嫩崩溃,1967-1976》,作者:詹姆斯·r·斯托克《干涉领域:美国外交政策与黎巴嫩崩溃,1967-1976》,詹姆斯·r·斯托克重新思考了美国在黎巴嫩走向1975年爆发的内战的道路上所扮演的角色。结合美国国家档案馆和美国各总统图书馆的解密文件,以及一些阿拉伯语和法语资料,Stocker提出了两个主要论点。第一,“美国对黎巴嫩的政策服从于针对冷战和更广泛中东地区的战略”;第二个是“美国在黎巴嫩国家崩溃的过程中发挥了作用”(4,5)。这两个论点都是为了说服读者,而不是专注于一组因素,对1967年至1976年美国在黎巴嫩的参与的适当研究应该纳入不同的国内、地区和国际因素,这些因素在当时塑造了美国的政策。斯托克认为黎巴嫩陷入混乱与其他地区和国际事件,如1973年的十月战争,美国和苏联之间的缓和,以及20世纪70年代许多阿拉伯国家与以色列之间的各种脱离接触协议和分歧,使他对引发黎巴嫩内战的潜在因素的描述成为最全面的。《干预领域》由引言、八章和结语组成。在引言中,Stocker讨论了美国在黎巴嫩的利益,并调查了有关内战原因的现有文献,其中包括黎巴嫩政治制度的脆弱性,外国对黎巴嫩内政的干涉,阿以冲突的影响以及社会经济发展不佳。前三章论述了1967年阿以战争和1970年约旦内战(被称为黑色九月)之间的重要时刻。第四章和第五章着重于导致1973年10月战争的巴勒斯坦武装分子和黎巴嫩政府之间的高度紧张局势和随后的小规模冲突,以及内战爆发前黎巴嫩的社会政治状况。最后三章考察了黎巴嫩内战(1975-76)的头两年,以及各个阿拉伯国家、美国和以色列之间为促成交战派系之间的临时和平而进行的激烈谈判。更具体地说,第六章和第七章表明,黎巴嫩成为叙利亚和以色列之间以及叙利亚和不同阿拉伯国家之间的地区争端的战场。结尾部分快速推进了黎巴嫩内战,并以美国呼吁黎巴嫩政府执行联合国决议结束,特别是关于黎巴嫩领土上的真主党武装部队和其他民兵的解除武装,以及在2005年总理拉菲克·哈里里被暗杀之后,黎巴嫩特别法庭的成立。作为认真研究的产物,借鉴了多种来源,《干涉领域》在研究美国政策和黎巴嫩内战开始的方式上是独一无二的。然而,本书的部分分析引起了人们对所涵盖的时期内重要事件之间的来源和联系(或缺乏联系)的解释的关注。第一个问题与作者极不情愿将各种档案材料之间的点联系起来有关。可以理解的是,斯托克避免做出无法得到充分证实的浮夸断言。然而,作者对美国对右翼基督教民兵的军事和财政支持的分析非常有限,令人不安。事实上,Stocker在暗示美国偏袒一方,特别是在黎巴嫩内战的积累中支持基督教民兵(18,63 - 64,131 -32),并通过声称美国没有积极地助长国内冲突来消除这种党派关系(63- 64,144,166,224)之间摇摆不定。...
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Spheres of Intervention: Us Foreign Policy and the Collapse of Lebanon, 1967-1976
SPHERES OF INTERVENTION: US FOREIGN POLICY AND THE COLLAPSE OF LEBANON, 1967-1976 James R. Stocker Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016 (vii + 296 pages, notes, index, illustrations, maps) $45.00 (cloth)Reviewed by Jeffrey G. KaramIn Spheres of Intervention: US Foreign Policy and the Collapse of Lebanon, 1967-1976, James R. Stocker reconsiders the role of the United States in Lebanon's path to the civil war that erupted in 1975. Combining declassified documents from the US National Archives and various American presidential libraries, as well as some Arabic and French sources, Stocker advances two main arguments. The first is that "US policy toward Lebanon was subordinated to strategies toward the Cold War and the broader Middle East"; the second is that the "US played a role in the process of Lebanese state collapse" (4, 5). Both arguments are meant to convince the reader that rather than focus on one set of factors, a proper study of US involvement in Lebanon between 1967 and 1976 should incorporate the different domestic, regional, and international factors that shaped US policy at the time. Stocker considers Lebanon's slide into mayhem alongside other regional and international events, such as the October War of 1973, the detente between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the various disengagement agreements and disagreements between a number of Arab states and Israel during the 1970s, making his account of the underlying factors that ignited the Lebanese Civil War among the most comprehensive.Spheres of Intervention consists of an introduction, eight chapters, and an epilogue. In the introduction, Stocker discusses US interests in Lebanon and surveys existing literature on the causes of the civil war, which include the fragility of Lebanon's political system, foreign meddling in Lebanon's internal affairs, the effects of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and poor socioeconomic development. The first three chapters deal with important junctures between the Arab-Israeli War of 1967 and the Jordanian Civil War of 1970, known as Black September. Chapters four and five focus on the heightened tension and subsequent skirmishes between Palestinian militants and the Lebanese government leading up to the October War of 1973, as well as the state of sociopolitical affairs in Lebanon before the outbreak of the civil war. The last three chapters examine the first two years of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-76) and the intense negotiations between various Arab states, the United States, and Israel to broker temporary peace between the warring factions. More specifically, chapters six and seven demonstrate that Lebanon became a battleground for regional contestation between Syria and Israel, as well as between Syria and different Arab states. The epilogue fast-forwards through Lebanon's civil war and ends with the United States calling on the Lebanese government to implement UN resolutions, particularly regarding the disarmament of Hizballah's armed forces and other militas on Lebanese soil and, in the wake of the assassination of Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri in 2005, the creation of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.As the product of serious research drawing on multiple sources, Spheres of Intervention is unique in the way it approaches US policy and the beginning of Lebanon's civil war. Parts of the book's analysis, however, prompt concerns about the interpretation of sources and linkages (or lack thereof) between important events in the time period covered. The first concern relates to the author's extreme reluctance to connect the dots between the various archival materials. It is understandable that Stocker refrains from making grandiose assertions that cannot be properly substantiated. Nevertheless, the author's analysis of US military and financial support to right-wing Christian militias is very limited and troubling. As a matter of fact, Stocker vacillates between implicating the United States in taking sides, particularly by supporting Christian militias in the build-up to the Lebanese Civil War (18, 63-64, 131-32), and dismissing this partisanship by claiming that the United States refrained from actively fueling civil conflict (63-64, 144, 166, 224). …
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