How Well Are Arabic Websites Archived?

It is has long been anecdotally known that web archives and search engines favor Western and English-language sites. In this paper we quantitatively explore how well indexed and archived are Arabic language web sites. We began by sampling 15,092 unique URIs from three different website directories: DMOZ (multi-lingual), Raddadi and Star28 (both primarily Arabic language). Using language identification tools we eliminated pages not in the Arabic language (e.g., English language versions of Al-Jazeera sites) and culled the collection to 7,976 definitely Arabic language web pages. We then used these 7,976 pages and crawled the live web and web archives to produce a collection of 300,646 Arabic language pages. We discovered: 1) 46% are not archived and 31% are not indexed by Google (www.google.com), 2) only 14.84% of the URIs had an Arabic country code top-level domain (e.g., .sa) and only 10.53% had a GeoIP in an Arabic country, 3) having either only an Arabic GeoIP or only an Arabic top-level domain appears to negatively impact archiving, 4) most of the archived pages are near the top level of the site and deeper links into the site are not well-archived, 5) the presence in a directory positively impacts indexing and presence in the DMOZ directory, specifically, positively impacts archiving.