Impact Analysis of Mobility as A Service (MaaS) Phenomenon on Environmental and Economic Aspects in Jakarta Region using System Dynamics Approach

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) phenomena highlight significant impacts beyond shifting urban mobility patterns in Jakarta. This changing transport behavior is affecting city's economy and environment in terms of producing more economic movements, but at the same time generating more vehicular emissions. Assessing the impacts of this new mobility paradigm is critical, particularly whether it supports or limits city's government targets on reducing emission by 30% and maintaining average economic growth at 7% by 2030. In this paper, we focus our impact analysis on the contribution of online motorcycle taxis in driving various on-demand services such as ride-hailing and essential deliveries towards emission level in Jakarta using system dynamics modelling. The analyses further assess its advanced implications on economic and environmental indicators under three different shares of transport mode scenarios: Public-Online Transport Collaboration, Online Transport Glory, and Luxury Paradigm. The result shows that online motorbike taxi had the lowest energy consumption value and there were economic losses due to the impact of pollution that occurred in DKI Jakarta at this time. Therefore, there needs to be an intervention to achieve the government's target in 2030, one effective effort is by limiting the online use of motorcycle taxis by limiting the growth in the number of drivers and increasing tariffs per kilometer for online motorcycle taxis