印度水果和蔬菜作物线虫病

A. Bahadur
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They are usually transported over long distances on machinery, in nursery stock, transplants, seeds, or by animals, moves soil, water and wind. They acquire nutrients from plant tissues by needle-like feeding structure (stylet/spear). Nematodes can be classified into three groups depending on feed on the plants such as ectoparasitic nematodes are always remaining outside the plant root tissues. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes move through root tissues sedentary endoparasitic nematodes penetrate young roots at or near the growing tip. They steal nutrients, disrupt water and mineral transport, and provide excellent sites for secondary pathogens (fungus and bactria) to invade the roots and decay. Several nematode species that cause problems in fruit orchards that are major limiting factors in fruit crop production cause extensive root necrosis resulting in serious economic losses. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipentrans) are the major nematode pests that infect fruit crops. Parasitic nematodes that can damage tree fruit roots. Many kinds of nematodes have been reported in and around the roots of various fruit crops, only few are cause serious damage, including Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), Lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus species), Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema spp) are cigar-shaped that are strictly ectoparasitic, Dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp) are relatively large ectoparasites that feed near root tips, Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus species) are ectoparasitic, Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are sedentary semi-endoparasites. Nematodes reduce yield without the production of any noticeable above ground symptoms. Typical above ground symptoms of nematode infections stunting, yellowing and wilting. 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引用次数: 3

摘要

线虫是地球上数量最多的动物,通常存在于土壤或水中,包括海洋中。有些种类的线虫是植物和动物的寄生虫。植物寄生线虫是一种非节段的、微小的、鳗鱼状的圆形蠕虫,专性寄生虫,具有柱头,生活在土壤中,以根或植物组织为食,对植物造成损害。植物寄生线虫以根为食,有的寄生在根内,有的寄生在叶子上。这些线虫破坏了水果作物对真菌病的抵抗力。植物寄生线虫以寄主组织为食生长繁殖。线虫的生命周期包括一个卵,4个成虫前阶段(幼虫)和一个成虫,其生命周期取决于种类和温度。线虫不会移动很远(每年少于6英寸)。它们通常通过机械、苗木、移植物、种子或动物进行长距离运输,移动土壤、水和风。它们通过针状的取食结构(柱头/矛)从植物组织中获取营养。根据取食植物的不同,线虫可分为三大类,其中外寄生线虫常寄生在植物根组织外。迁移的内生线虫通过根组织移动,静止的内生线虫穿过生长尖端或附近的幼根。它们窃取营养物质,破坏水和矿物质的运输,并为次级病原体(真菌和细菌)入侵根部和腐烂提供了绝佳的场所。果树生产中存在的几种线虫病害是制约果树生产的主要因素,它们引起广泛的根系坏死,造成严重的经济损失。根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)、穴居线虫(Radopholus similis)和柑橘线虫(Tylenchulus semipentrans)是危害水果作物的主要线虫害虫。能破坏果树根系的寄生线虫。在各种水果作物的根内和根周已经报道了许多种类的线虫,只有少数是造成严重危害的,包括根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.),病变线虫(Pratylenchus种),环线虫(Mesocriconema spp.)是雪茄状的严格的外寄生,匕首线虫(Xiphinema spp.)是相对较大的外寄生,在根尖附近取食,刺线虫(Belonolaimus种)是外寄生。柑橘线虫(Tylenchulus semipenetrans)是一种定居的半内寄生虫。线虫在不产生任何明显的地上症状的情况下降低产量。线虫感染的典型地面症状是发育迟缓、发黄和萎蔫。印度大量蔬菜作物中伴生的主要线虫,如根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)、囊线虫(Heterodera spp.)、病变线虫(Pratylenchus sp.)、肾形线虫(Rotylenchulus sp.)、刺线虫(Hoplolaimus spp.)、茎和球茎线虫(Ditylenchus spp.)等。根结线虫是蔬菜的重要害虫,属于茄科(茄子,番茄,辣椒),葫芦科(苦瓜,黄瓜,南瓜,葫芦)豆科(豇豆,豆,豌豆),十字花科花椰菜,卷心菜,西兰花,球芽甘蓝),秋葵和其他几种根和球茎作物(洋葱,大蒜,生菜,芹菜,胡萝卜,萝卜)。四种(M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria和M. hapla)占全球分布的根结线虫种群的95%以上。茎球茎线虫(diylenchus spp)常侵害洋葱、大蒜、马铃薯、豌豆及胡萝卜等。线虫从一个地区传播到另一个地区主要是通过受感染的种植材料、受感染地区进入灌溉系统的排水、附着在器具上的土壤、机动车轮胎和种植园工人的鞋子。管理建议通过生物农药、文化实践、富富FYM、印楝饼等有机修正。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Nematodes Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Crops in India
Nematodes are the most plentiful animals on earth, commonly found in soil or water, including oceans. Some species of nematodes are parasites of plants and animals. Plant-parasitic nematodes are non-segmented microscopic, eel-like round worms, obligate parasite possess stylets that live in soil causing damage to plants by feeding on roots or plant tissues. Plant-parasitic nematodes feed on roots, either within the root, some nematodes feed leaves. These nematodes cause breakdown of resistance to fungal diseases in fruit crops. Plant-parasitic nematodes living host tissue to feed on to grow and reproduce. Nematode life cycle consists of an egg, 4 pre-adult stages (juveniles) and an adult, life cycle depending on the species and the temperature. Nematodes do not move long distances (less than 6 inches per year). They are usually transported over long distances on machinery, in nursery stock, transplants, seeds, or by animals, moves soil, water and wind. They acquire nutrients from plant tissues by needle-like feeding structure (stylet/spear). Nematodes can be classified into three groups depending on feed on the plants such as ectoparasitic nematodes are always remaining outside the plant root tissues. Migratory endoparasitic nematodes move through root tissues sedentary endoparasitic nematodes penetrate young roots at or near the growing tip. They steal nutrients, disrupt water and mineral transport, and provide excellent sites for secondary pathogens (fungus and bactria) to invade the roots and decay. Several nematode species that cause problems in fruit orchards that are major limiting factors in fruit crop production cause extensive root necrosis resulting in serious economic losses. The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) and citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipentrans) are the major nematode pests that infect fruit crops. Parasitic nematodes that can damage tree fruit roots. Many kinds of nematodes have been reported in and around the roots of various fruit crops, only few are cause serious damage, including Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), Lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus species), Ring nematodes (Mesocriconema spp) are cigar-shaped that are strictly ectoparasitic, Dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp) are relatively large ectoparasites that feed near root tips, Sting nematodes (Belonolaimus species) are ectoparasitic, Citrus nematodes (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) are sedentary semi-endoparasites. Nematodes reduce yield without the production of any noticeable above ground symptoms. Typical above ground symptoms of nematode infections stunting, yellowing and wilting. Major nematodes associated in large number of vegetables crops in India such as root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.), lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus sp.), reniform nematodes (Rotylenchulus sp.) lance nematodes (Hoplolaimus spp.), stem and bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) etc. Root-knot nematodes are important pests of vegetables belonging to solanaceous (brinjal, tomato, chili), cucurbitaceous (biter ground, cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd) leguminous (cowpea, bean, pea), cruciferous cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, brussels, sprout), okra and several other root and bulb crops (onion, garlic, lettuce, celery, carrot, radish). Four species (M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. hapla) are more than 95% of the root-knot nematode population worldwide distribution. Stem and Bulb nematode (Ditylenchus spp.) commonly attacks onion, garlic, potato, pea and carrot etc. The nematodes spread from one area to another mainly through infested planting materials, water drains from infested areas into irrigation system, soil that adheres to implements, tyres of motor vehicles and shoes of plantation workers. Management recommendation through bio-pesticides, cultural practices, enrichment of FYM, Neem cake and other organic amendments.
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