Exercise dependence: A review of its manifestation, theory and measurement

Exercise dependence describes a condition in which moderate to intense physical activity becomes compulsive behaviour. An exercise‐dependent individual is not only more likely to suffer increased injury and illness, but is also more likely to ignore clinical advice and continue to exercise while injured or ill. Several theories, including the β‐endorphin theory of endogenous opioids, the sympathetic arousal hypothesis, and the opponent‐process model of addiction, have been suggested to explain exercise dependence. While investigators have linked exercise dependence to a wide range of pathology, including eating disorders, Type A personality and neuroticism, research in this area has been vulnerable to criticism, particularly in terms of the methods used to assess dependence. The absence of well‐controlled investigation into the condition, in particular the precise identification and measurement of dependent symptomology and its consequences, requires that further research be undertaken to study exercise d...