Contributing to DSO’s Energy-Reserve Pool: A Chance-Constrained Two-Stage $\mu $ VPP Bidding Strategy

This paper presents the strategic proposition for a micro virtual power plant ( $\mu $ VPP) to participate in the distribution level energy-reserve pool managed by a distribution system operator. A chance-constrained two-stage stochastic formulation is proposed to derive the bidding strategy for $\mu $ VPP maximizing its daily profit. The stochastic nature of renewable generation and load profile of the $\mu $ VPP is captured by the Monte Carlo method. The security of supply is guaranteed by controlling the loss of load probability, which is modeled as chance constraint. The numerical tests are performed on $\mu $ VPPs with different penetration levels of distributed energy resource (DER) and renewable energy source (RES), where the impact of the DER and RES indexes and the impact of uncertainty levels are demonstrated. Also, the advantages of chance-constrained formulation as the means of risk-hedging are addressed. Finally, the impact of rival $\mu $ VPPs on the bidding behaviors and the impact of carbon taxes on the profit are analyzed.