BEIRUT AND ITS VICINITY AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY بيروت وجوارها في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين

ABSTRACT: This research presents how to build the Vilayet of Beirut, which at the beginning of the Ottoman period was a province affiliated with the Levant, but later became an independent state in 1888, due to its important strategic location and its port, which was considered the only port of Syria. Until it attracted the attention of Western countries, which found in it an important center and location for expansion and spread in the region. So it began to expand its activities by opening many missionary schools and a number of literary, artistic and political societies that promoted Western culture and styles in the region. This city was also connected to the neighborhood through technological investments brought by the Ottoman Empire by granting wide privileges to foreign countries in all fields, such as railways, trams, the electricity company, and the enlightenment of the city were built. This research reveals the impact of foreign influence in the region, which justified how the French influence entered Syria, and the focus on the objectives of foreign schools and what did they practice the cultural destruction by spreading their influence and culture. The research also includes the work of the Beirut municipality during that period, such as repairing and expanding roads and linking its roads to the suburbs and the neighborhood, in addition to some agricultural works that brought seeds and planted them in the city and its vicinity. The research touched on the massive wave of immigration to Egypt, which had negative consequences in terms of a decrease in the population, disruption of military service, and a shortage of agricultural labor. The smuggling of weapons through its port, under the cover of the police and the guards, was also active in Beirut and Mount Lebanon, based on the rumors of a potential conflict, especially after the great clash that occurred between the Druze and the Maronites in 1861. صخلملا : ضرعي اذه ثحبلا ةيفيك ءانب ةيلاو توريب يتلا تناك يف ةيادب دهعلا ينامثعلا ةيلاو عبتت ةيلاو ،ماشلا لاإ نأ تحبصأ اميف دعب ةيلاو ةلقتسم ماع 1888 ،م كلذو ببسب اهعقوم ا يجيتارتسلإ ٍ مهملا اهأفرمو يذلا ربتعا أفرم ايروس ديحولا . ىلإ نأ تتفل راظنأ لودلا ةيبرغلا يتلا تدجو اهيف زكرم ا ً عقومو ا ً مهم ا ً عسوتلل راشتنلإاو يف ةقطنملا . تأدبف عيسوتب اهتاطاشن نم للاخ حتف ديدعلا نم سرادملا ةيريشبتلا ددعو ا ً نم تايعمجلا ةيبدلأا ةينفلاو ةيسايسلاو يتلا ع تززّ ةفاقثلا طامنلأاو ةيبرغلا يف ةقطنملا . امك ت مّ طبر هذه ةنيدملا راوجلاب كلذو نم للاخ تارامثتسلإا ةيجولونكتلا يتلا اهتبلج ةلودلا ةينامثعلا ربع حنم تازايتما ةعساو لودلل ةيبنجلأا يف لك ،تلااجملا تف مّ ءانب طوطخ ككسلا ،ةيديدحلا ،مارتلاو ةكرشو ،ءابرهكلا ريونتو ةنيدملا . فشكيو اذه ثحبلا رثأ ذوفنلا يبنجلأا يف ،ةقطنملا يذلا ب ررّ ةيفيك لوخد ذوفنلا يسنرفلا ىلإ ،ايروس زيكرتلاو ىلع فادهأ سرادملا ةيبنجلأا امو هسرامت نم ريمدت يفاقث نم للاخ رشن اهذوفن اهتفاقثو . امك لوانتي ثحبلا ام هتدهش توريب يف كلت ةرتفلا نم لامعأ ةيدلب حلاصإك تاقرط اهعيسوتو طبرو اهتاقرط يحاونلاب ،راوجلاو ةفاضلإاب ىلإ ضعب لامعلأا ةيعارزلا نم بلج روزب اهتعارزو يف ةنيدملا اهراوجو . طتو قرّ ثحبلا ىلإ ةجوم ةرجهلا ةفيثكلا يتلا اهتدهش توريب ىلإ ،رصم يتلاو ناك اهل جئاتن ةيبلس نم ثيح ضافخنإ ددع ،ناكسلا ليطعتو ةمدخلا ،ةيركسعلا صقنو يف ديلا ةلماعلا ةيعارزلا . امك تطشن تايلمع بيرهت ةحلسلأا ربع اهءانيم ءاطغب نم ةطرشلا سرحلاو اهراشتنإو يف توريب لبجو نانبل ًءانب ىلع ةعاشإ عارص ،لمتحم اميسلا دعب مادصلا ريبكلا يذلا ثدح نيب زوردلا ةنراوملاو ماع 1861 م .