战争期间对乌克兰经济的财政支持

Anastasiya Kovpaka
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摘要

这篇科学文章致力于分析战争条件下国家融资的优先方向,协调财政和货币政策工具以满足乌克兰的国防需求,并确定乌克兰公共债务的原因。在研究过程中,分析了填补国家预算的主要来源。可以确定的是,在战前时期,税收和非税收收入、资本交易收入、转让构成了国家收入的基础。在战争条件下,国家严重依赖外部融资和国内借款。国际贷款、赠款和出售债券(包括军事债券)所得收益成为支付国家预算的有效手段。本文包含有关今年国家预算执行情况的信息,以及对乌克兰2022年外部预算财政收入结构的分析。文章总结了公共支出的优先领域:军队、社会保障、教育、医疗和战后重建。其中,国防费所占比重最大。调查了社会支付的结构,其中强调了下列关键的筹资领域:养恤基金、对有儿童和国内流离失所者家庭的援助、“ePidtrymka”、福利和补贴。事实证明,在战争条件下解决乌克兰经济的财政支持问题需要货币和财政政策工具的平衡组合。如今,预算赤字主要由国际融资和出售政府证券来弥补。支出赤字应通过非货币手段融资,因为过度依赖货币发行会加剧通货膨胀过程。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY DURING THE WAR
The scientific article is devoted to the analysis of the priority directions of state financing in the conditions of war, coordination of fiscal and monetary policy instruments to meet the defense needs of Ukraine and determination of the causes of Ukraine's public debt. In the course of the study, the main sources of filling the state budget were analyzed. It is established that tax and non-tax revenues, income from capital transactions, transfers formed the basis of state revenues in the pre-war period.  It is revealed that in the conditions of war the state is acutely dependent on external financing and domestic borrowing.  International loans, grants and proceeds from the sale of bonds (including military bonds) become effective means of covering the state budget. The article contains information on the implementation of this year's state budget and analysis of the structure of financial revenues to the budget of Ukraine from external sources for 2022.  The article summarizes the priority areas of public spending: army, social security, education, medicine and post-war reconstruction.  Among them, defense expenditures occupy the largest part. The structure of social payments is investigated, among which the following key areas of financing are highlighted: pension fund, assistance to families with children and internally displaced persons, "ePidtrymka", benefits and subsidies. It is proved that the solution of the problem of financial support of the Ukrainian economy in the conditions of war requires a balanced combination of monetary and fiscal policy instruments. Today, the budget deficit is covered mainly by international financing and by selling government securities. The deficit of expenditures should be financed by non-monetary means, as excessive dependence on money emission intensifies  inflationary processes.
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