Graphene-based Nanomaterials for Fabrication of ‘Pesticide’ Electrochemical Sensors

At present, graphene is one of the most up-to-date materials and it can be applied for various energy conversion devices and sensor technology. In this review article, our main focus is to summarize the role of graphene and its modified surface leading to develop hybrid nanomaterials and its applications in fabrication of pesticide sensor. Graphene based materials demonstrate exclusive electrochemical and optical properties as well as compatibility to absorb a variety of bio-molecules through π-π stacking interaction and/or electrostatics interaction, which make them ideal material to be employed in sensor application. The role of graphene is very crucial in preparing different unique and desirable hybrid functional composites along with nanoparticles, redox mediators, conducting polymers etc. to improve the performance of the sensors. Therefore, they can be easily used as a suitable material applying in fabrication of electrochemical sensors/ biosensors for the detection of organophosphorous and carbamate pesticides. A number of most recent reported works were discussed in which graphene-based hybrid composites show high sensitivity, good catalytic activity, selectivity towards the determination of pesticide either enzymatically or nonenzymatically. The properties of graphene (exceptional charge transport, thermal, optical, mechanical, high surface area, large pore volume and size, an opened ordered structure) play an important role in pesticide detection.