The genetic code is not arbitrary

The study was carried out on the basis of mathematical analysis of experimental data: sets of genes and sets of natural genetic codes. All 5 cases of gene overlaps allowed by the DNA structure were investigated. Integral characteristics of genetic codes are introduced into consideration, which testify to the ability to overlap pairs of genes. It was possible to establish the functions in which all reinterpreted codons in the mitochondrial genetic codes (of humans and other organisms) participate, as well as a significant difference between the integral characteristics of such codes from the standard code. Our results allow us to conclude that code deviations from the standard carry a quite clear functional load. It follows from the above results that for all semantic families of codons, two protein sequences can be written that are practically not obstructed by the same DNA region, and for this you can use the most favorable (according to the combination of amino acids in the overlap) one of the 5 variants of such a compact notation of genes (5 cases overlap). A categorical ban exists for no more than 5% of amino acid pairs, both for the standard code and for all 14 known non-standard codes. Those. All 15 code tables have the same common property. This leaves no chance for any arbitrariness, chance. choose the structure of the genetic code. In the course of these studies, a mathematical theory of the genetic code has been developed, the first stage of research has already been published (see Appendix), a book of the results of the second stage has been prepared for publication, and work has been carried out on the third stage. It seems that this research topic of fundamental research is inexhaustible.