8. Failed Manhood on the Streets of Urban Japan. The Meanings of Self-Reliance for Homeless Men

The first question is not quite as naive as it might sound. After all, article twenty-five of Japan’s constitution clearly promises that “All people shall have the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living,” and the 1952 Livelihood Protection Law is there to see that the promise is kept. For many years the government refused to address the issue of homelessness on grounds that it was already covered by existing welfare provisions. The second question, usually based on the evidence of visual observation, may be slightly more naive than it sounds, since homeless women may have good reason for staying away from areas where there are many homeless men and thus are not necessarily immediately noticeable. Nonetheless, there is abundant quantitative data suggesting that at least 95% of homeless people, in the narrowlydefined sense of people not living in housing or shelter, are men. Men are I believe more likely than women to become homeless in all industrialized countries, but nowhere is the imbalance quite as striking as in Japan.