Diseño de un entorno 3D para el desarrollo de la competencia digital docente en estudiantes universitarios: usabilidad, adecuación y percepción de utilidad / Design of 3D environment to develop pre-service teachers' digital competence

Una de las condiciones esenciales para el desarrollo de la competencia digital docente de los futuros docentes es proporcionarles situaciones de aprendizaje que permitan ejercitar tales habilidades, conocimientos y actitudes en contextos similares a su futura realidad profesional. Los entornos virtuales 3D, altamente inmersivos e interactivos, son una tecnologia prometedora para simular escenarios reales y ofrecer dichas oportunidades de aprendizaje. El objetivo de esta investigacion es presentar el diseno de un entorno 3D para el desarrollo de la competencia digital docente, centrado en el analisis de: (1) la usabilidad tecnologica y grafica; (2) la adecuacion del contenido de las actividades; y (3) la practicidad y utilidad pedagogica del entorno. Para ello, siguiendo la metodologia de investigacion para el diseno, se llevo a cabo un proceso de validacion con distintos grupos de informantes clave: expertos en tecnologia, docentes relacionados con la tecnologia educativa y estudiantes de los grados de educacion, a los que, ademas, se les administro un cuestionario de percepcion de la utilidad pedagogica (Code et al. 2013). Los resultados muestran que a nivel tecnologico el entorno funciono de manera fluida, aunque los graficos resultaron limitados. A nivel didactico, las actividades propuestas fueron adecuadas, realistas y actuales, y, a pesar de la complejidad inicial en el control de los avatares, destaca la alta motivacion de los estudiantes debido a la similitud del entorno con su futura practica profesional. La principal conclusion es que los entornos 3D son escenarios viables para el desarrollo actividades didacticas que favorezcan la adquisicion de la competencia digital docente. Abstract One of the most important conditions for the development of pre-service teachers' digital competence is to provide them with learning experiences to put in action such skills, knowledge and attitudes in similar contexts to their future professional reality. 3D virtual environments are an immersive and interactive promising technology that allow to simulate real scenarios and provide these learning opportunities. The aim of this reserach is to show the design of a 3D environment for the development of teachers' digital competence, focusing to the analysis of: (1) technical and graphical usability; (2) content adequacy of the activities; and (3) practicity and pedagogical usability of the environment. For this purpose, following design-based research method, we conducted a validity process with different key informants groups: technology experts, teachers related to educational technology, and students-teachers who also answered a pedagogical usability questionnaire (Code et al., 2013). From a technological view, the results show that the environment worked fluently, but the graphics were limited. From a educational point of view, the activities were appropriate, realistic and current. the activities were appropriate, realistic and current. Despite the initial complexity in the avatars control, they emphasized its high motivation due to the similarity of 3D environment with their future professional work. The main conclusion of this work was that 3D environments are useful technology for developing educational activities that promote the acquisition of teachers' digital competence.