政治温度上升:媒体素养、公众舆论与全球变暖

Bruce E. Johansen
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引用次数: 1

摘要

近年来,不断上升的气温和对其影响的猜测使全球变暖成为媒体广泛讨论的主题。在过去的一年里,关于气候变化的争论和讨论明显增多,有报道称气温迅速上升,民主党控制的国会正认真地试图通过立法限制温室气体排放。就政治和经济的重要性而言,很少有科学问题能超过这个问题。这不仅关系到地球作为一个宜居环境的未来,而且关系到60多亿人使用能源的方式。这项关于媒体代表性的研究抽样调查了关于这个问题的评论数量和强度的上升。关注的数量是无可争议的——但这波报道和评论的质量如何呢?对于见多识众的观察者来说,这些话语往往表现出政治竞选、赛马或宗教复兴的语气,而不是科学辩论。这项研究是在美国和全球范围内发生的更大范围的辩论和话语的一部分。科学家们(一个重要的例子是戈达德空间科学研究所所长詹姆斯·e·汉森)对他们所知道的和媒体告诉公众的脱节变得更加敏感。因此,作为意见领袖,他们需要创造性地“构建”与新闻机构产生共鸣的信息。戈尔在这个问题上作为发言人的长期信誉,2000年后作为乔治·w·布什总统的对立面的角色(包括对全球变暖的立场),他在好莱坞的关系,以及他在这个问题上非常认真而又不太把自己当回事的能力,都使他能够利用一些资本。他是爱泼斯坦所说的“委托故事”新闻来源(爱泼斯坦,1974年,第187页)。根据定义,当戈尔谈论这个问题时,他通常是有新闻价值的。其他科学家的消息来源被要求向媒体证明自己,以达到媒体的议程。这涉及到议程设置问题和社会现实的新闻媒体建构问题。具有讽刺意味的是,白宫在试图审查汉森的过程中引入了冲突因素,从而极大地推动了汉森成为一个有新闻价值的话题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Political Temperature Rising: Media Literacy, Public Opinion, and Global Warming
Rising temperatures and speculation regarding their effects have made global warming a subject of copious and increasing media discourse during recent years. The amount of debate and discourse has increased markedly in the past year, with reports of rapidly rising temperatures and serious attempts at legislating greenhouse-gas limitations by a Democratic Congress. Few scientific issues exceed this one in terms of political and economic gravitas . At stake is not only the future of the Earth as a habitable environment, but the ways in which more than six billion people use energy. This study of media representation samples the rising volume and intensity of commentary on the issue. The quantity of attention is not in dispute – but what about the quality of this tide of reporting and commentary? To an informed observer, the discourse often displays the tone of a political campaign, a horse race, or a religious revival more than a scientific debate. This study is a fragment of a much larger set of debates and discourses taking place within the United States, and globally. Scientists (an important example being Goddard Institute for Space Sciences director James E. Hansen) have become more sensitive to the disconnection between what they know, and what the media are telling the public. Thus, as opinion leaders they need to creatively “frame” messages that resonate with news organizations. Al Gore has been able to use some capital from his long-term credibility as a spokesman on this issue, his post-2000 role as a counterpoint to the George W. Bush presidency (including its positions vis a vis global warming), his Hollywood connections, and his ability not take himself too seriously while being very serious about the issue. He's what Epstein called a “commissioned story” news source (Epstein, 1974, p. 187). By definition, when Gore speaks on this issue, he is usually newsworthy. Other scientist sources have been required to prove themselves with media to reach media agendas. This involves agenda-setting issues and news media construction of social reality. Ironically, the White House has given Hansen a tremendous boost as a newsworthy subject by introducing an element of conflict in its attempts to censor him.
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