On smuggling, the freezing ban, labels, and tough-constructions

Smuggling refers to a situation where movement of α‎ would induce a violation that is voided by movement of a larger constituent β‎ that contains α‎, which is followed by movement of α‎. Smuggling thus involves movement out of a moved element, which is traditionally assumed not to be possible (the constraint is referred to as the freezing ban). This chapter shows that there is no general freezing ban. Extraction out of moved elements is generally allowed. The cases where such extraction appears not to be allowed involve independent problems concerning labeling. The chapter re-examines from this perspective (which allows but restricts the possibilities for smuggling) the smuggling derivations proposed in Collins (2005a, 2005b), focusing on the passive construction, and the smuggling analysis of tough-constructions proposed in Hicks (2009). A modified version of the latter is argued to be superior to the traditional null Op analysis of tough-constructions. Several conclusions regarding the structure of infinitives are also drawn; thus, the discussion of tough-construction coordinations provides evidence against analyses which place infinitival to low in the structure. The discussion in the chapter also shows that there is a strong relationship between movement and labeling: unlabeled elements cannot undergo movement; unlabeled elements do not function as interveners; and movement cannot target unlabeled elements.