Governance of agrarian sustainability-forms, efficiency and improvement

Achievement of diverse economic, social, environment conservation etc. goals development greatly depends on the specific system of governance in different countries, industries, regions, communities, etc.1–7 Having in mind the importance of agrarian sector (in terms of employed resources, contribution to individuals and social welfare, positive and/or negative impacts on environment, etc.), the improvement of the governance of agrarian sustainability is among the most topical issues in the European Union (EU) and around the globe.8–24 Research on forms and efficiency of the governance of agrarian sustainability is at the beginning stage due to the “newness” of the problem, and the emerging new challenges at the current phase of development (such as environmental pollution and degradation, climate change, competition for natural resources with other sectors, etc.), and the fundamental institutional modernization during recent years (emerging rights on environmental resources, polluting, etc.), and the “lack” of long-term experiences and relevant data, etc. Most studies in the area are focused on formal modes and mechanisms of governance while the important informal forms (rights, rules, institutions, organizations, etc.) are not included into analysis. What is more, research is commonly restricted to a certain mode (type of contract, a cooperative, an industry initiative, a public program, etc.), or a management level (farm, eco-system, region, etc.) without taking into consideration the interdependency, complementarities and/or competition of different governing structures. Besides, widely used complex forms of governance (multi-lateral, multi-level, reciprocal, interlinked, and hybrid modes) are usually ignored.