基因组领域的专利监管:趋势、问题和前景

A. Lisachenko
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文探讨了近年来在基因组和遗传研究及操作成果专利领域的发展状况、主要趋势以及发展该领域关系和监管的可能途径。这包括俄罗斯和金砖国家在未来世界秩序中的作用,在未来世界秩序中,基因和基因组技术及其应用成果将(部分已经)成为最重要的价值之一。作者分析了确保版权持有者对这些价值的权利的现有和可能形式,并阐述了遗传学和基因组学之间的区别(以及随着 "设计基因 "的出现,这种区别逐渐被削弱)。作者的结论是,现在还没有充分发展、合理和可行的办法来替代现有的遗传学和基因组学成果权利保护制度,同时又能保持寻找这种替代办法的便利性。现行制度为那些设法获得尽可能多的遗传学和基因组学成果权的个别公司和国家提供了许多不合理的好处。本文分析了一些旨在确保先进技术拥有者与原始基因材料 "提供者 "之间公平分配利益的国际法案。这些法案迄今为止在我国受到了不应有的忽视,但在以 CRISPR-Cas 基因组编辑方法的大规模应用为基础的正在进行的 "基因组革命 "过程中,这些法案正变得越来越重要。本文提出了金砖五国就基因组和基因研究与操作成果的专利合作开展协调行动的可能方向。结论之一指出,利用金砖国家作为平台,为全人类(而不仅仅是专利持有人)建设更美好的未来,完全符合《俄罗斯联邦参与金砖国家联盟构想》中所述的金砖国家在现代国际体系中的作用和前景。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Patent Regulation in the Field of Genome: Trends, Problems, Prospects
The paper examines the situation that has developed in recent years in the field of patenting the results of genomic and genetic research and manipulation, the main trends and possible ways of developing relations and regulation in this area. This includes the role of Russia and the BRICS countries in the future world order, where genetic and genomic technologies and the fruits of their application will (and partly are already) one of the most important values. The author analyzes the existing and possible forms of securing rights to these values for copyright holders, and accounts the difference between genetics and genomics (and the gradual erosion of this difference with the appearance of «designer genes»). The author concludes that now there is no sufficiently developed, reasonable and workable alternative to the existing system of protection of the rights to the achievements of genetics and genomics while maintaining the expediency of searching for such an alternative. The existing system provides unreasonably many advantages to individual corporations and states that have managed to secure the largest possible amount of rights to the achievements of genetics and genomics. The paper analyzes some international acts designed to ensure a fair distribution of benefits between the owners of advanced technologies and the «suppliers» of the original genetic material. These have so far been undeservedly ignored in our country, but are gaining new significance in the course of the ongoing «genomic revolution» based on the mass application of the CRISPR-Cas genomic editing method. Possible directions for coordinated actions of the BRICS countries on patent cooperation in relation to the results of genomic and genetic research and manipulation are proposed. As one of the conclusions, it is indicated that the use of BRICS as a platform for building a better future for all mankind, and not only for patent holders, fully corresponds to the role and prospects of BRICS in the modern international system, stated in the Concept of the Participation of the Russian Federation in the BRICS association.
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