American Crusade: Christianity, Warfare, and National Identity, 1860–1920 by Benjamin J. Wetzel (review)

re-envisioned Jesuit higher education. Jesuit colleges and universities were transformed. Lay professors became predominant. Universities separated themselves from direct ecclesiastical management. Boards became predominantly lay. Loyola Marymount appointed a non-Catholic president in 2010. By 2022, a majority of Jesuit universities had lay presidents, female as well as male. These changes were accompanied by on-going efforts of discernment about the role of Jesuits within what were traditionally their universities and, indeed, the nature and character of universities in the Jesuit Catholic tradition.