大气物理学和动力学

H. Dolman
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摘要

本章从理想气体定律和流体静力学方程出发,描述了大气的基本物理和热力学,并由此推导出对流层的递减率。确定了大气湿度对蒸发速率的影响,并推导了饱和湿度的克劳修斯-克拉珀龙方程。研究了水分对绝热垂直输送的影响。然后,以矢量形式导出三维运动方程。由此导出地转平衡方程和热风方程。这与科里奥利力一起,给出了大气环流的物理描述。环流背后的驱动力被认为是热带和温带之间的能量差。这是由辐射差异驱动的,包括在大的地质尺度上,米兰科维奇旋回。最后,介绍了环流作为每个半球的三单元系统,以及天气系统如气旋的发展。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Physics and Dynamics of the Atmosphere
This chapter describes the basic physics and thermodynamics of the atmosphere, starting from the ideal gas law and the hydrostatic equation, from which the lapse rate in the troposphere is derived. The effect of atmospheric moisture on the lapse rate is identified and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation giving the saturated humidity is derived. The effect of moisture on adiabatic vertical transport is shown. Then, the three-dimensional equations of motion are derived in vector form. From these, geostrophic balance and the thermal wind equations are derived. This, with the Coriolis force, gives the physical description of the atmospheric circulation. The driving force behind circulation is identified as the energy difference between the tropics and the extratropics. This is driven by radiation differences, including, at large geological scale, the Milankovitch cycles. Finally, circulation as a three-cell system per hemisphere, and the development of weather systems such as cyclones, are described.
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