Reactive power capability of a sub-transmission grid using real-time embedded particle swarm optimization

Wind energy is one of the most competitive and efficient energy sources and, as a result, usage of it is continuously increasing worldwide. Although wind energy is relatively cheaper among the other renewables, it is also variable and uncertain. Therefore, the high penetration of wind energy causes several technical problems related to security, stability, power quality and operation of power systems. Transmission and Distribution System Operators (TSOs and DSOs) are issued to develop required grid codes for wind farms (WFs) considering a number of parameters to overcome those difficulties. This paper represents a Real-Time Embedded Particle Swarm Optimization (RTEPSO) to define optimal settings of WFs to meet reactive power requirements of a typical German 110 kV-sub-transmission grid at any time. In other words, the proposed approach searches the exact operation points of WFs to calculate required amount of absorbed/generated reactive power at Connection Point (CP) under consideration of Consumer Counting Arrow System.