Nathaniël Kunkeler
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摘要

荷兰法西斯主义从20世纪20年代开始就具有国际视野和特点。这不仅仅是荷兰的事情,它在许多国家都有支持者,尤其是比利时和东印度群岛(印度尼西亚)。对其中许多人来说,将所有说荷兰语的国家联合起来的大荷兰领土——迪茨兰——是他们国际视野的核心。在整个20世纪20年代,有许多荷兰法西斯政党和其他组织在全球范围内取得了有限的成功,特别是比利时的佛兰德法西斯主义者和荷属印度群岛的反动祖国俱乐部。后者是最重要的,它成功地动员了白人定居者,反对他们在印尼民族主义和共产主义面前的软弱。在20世纪30年代早期,他们受到法西斯主义的影响。然而,20世纪30年代占主导地位的法西斯势力是安东·穆塞特(Anton Mussert)的国家社会主义运动(National Socialist Movement),它在荷兰成为一股相当大的力量,但在东印度群岛的比例甚至更大。该党允许混血成员加入,并在殖民地建立了统一的分支机构,成为最大的政党。一个包容的文化主义的迪茨兰概念是党的国际视野和未来法西斯帝国计划的核心。它对殖民政府采取了广泛的积极立场,指出它是法西斯统治的典范。这种国际化的荷兰法西斯主义得到了一个跨国网络的支持,这个网络由成员、殖民地管理者和退伍军人组成,他们在荷兰帝国各地活动。这对党的意识形态的发展产生了真正的影响,因为领导人不得不考虑到跨国法西斯网络的影响。然而,最终,都市沙文主义和白人至上主义决定了荷兰法西斯主义在印度群岛的最终失败和迪茨兰神话的空洞。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Dietsland Empire?
Dutch fascism was marked by an international outlook and character from the outset in the 1920s. Rather than a purely Netherlands affair, it had proponents in multiple countries, particularly Belgium and the East Indies (Indonesia). For many of these, the idea of a Great Netherlands territory uniting all Dutch-speaking nations – Dietsland – was central to their international vision. There were a number of Dutch fascist parties and other organisations spread across the globe which experienced limited success throughout the 1920s, notably Flemish fascists in Belgium, and the reactionary Fatherland Club in the Dutch Indies. The latter was the most important, successfully mobilising the white settler population against perceived weakness in the face of Indonesian nationalism and communism. In the early 1930s they became influenced by fascism. The dominant fascist force of the 1930s however was Anton Mussert’s National Socialist Movement, which became a considerable force in the Netherlands, but proportionally even greater in the East Indies. Permitting mixed-race members in the party, it established integrated branches in the colonies where it became the largest political party. An inclusive culturalist notion of Dietsland was central to the party’s international vision and plans for a future fascist Imperium. It took a broadly positive stance towards the colonial administration, pointing to it as a model of fascist rule. This international Dutch fascism was underpinned by a transnational network of members and colonial administrators and army veterans which moved around the Dutch empire. This had a real impact on the development of party ideology, as leaders had to reckon with the influence of the transnational fascist network. However, ultimately metropolitan chauvinism and white supremacism determined the ultimate failure of Dutch fascism in the Indies and the hollowness of the Dietsland myth.
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