托儿设施作为大城市家庭政策的组成部分

B. Krimer
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摘要

今天,在就业和家庭生活之间找到平衡对有孩子的家庭来说是一项重大挑战,因此,这是家庭政策的主要问题之一,特别是与大城市有关。提供优质的儿童保育服务,特别是为三岁以下儿童提供优质的儿童保育服务,对于父母参与劳动力市场至关重要,可以减少有子女家庭的贫困风险,并对生育率产生积极影响。这项工作是基于在乌克兰和其他欧洲国家城市地区类似生育率趋势的背景下,现代城市(特别是大城市)社会服务对儿童保育的特殊重要性。本出版物的目的是通过研究其他国家和城市学前教育的发展,分析发达国家和乌克兰的儿童保育社会服务,找出主要的发展问题,并找到改善乌克兰大城市家庭政策的方法。乌克兰接受学前教育和照料的儿童的覆盖率明显低于大多数欧洲国家,特别是两岁以下儿童,两岁以下儿童没有明显的增长趋势。在乌克兰的大城市,在覆盖率相对较低的背景下,幼儿园超载的问题仍然很严重。目前的问题是服务水平低,给家长带来不便,工作人员工资低,在大城市尤其严重。发达国家大城市家庭政策发展的有益经验包括:协助增加学前班和儿童保育设施的可用名额(特别是三岁以下儿童),有针对性的财政支持或减轻使用儿童保育服务的有儿童家庭的税收负担,更广泛地支持有儿童家庭的弱势群体,发展个人儿童保育。重要的是实施复杂的家庭政策,将幼儿园的发展与其他工具相结合,为父母提供物质支持和促进就业,并促进实际的性别平等,克服职业母亲的“双重负担”。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Childcare Facilities as a Component of Family Policy in a Big City
Finding a balance between employment and family life today is a significant challenge for families with children and, therefore, one of the main issues of family policy, especially relevant for big cities. The availability of quality childcare, especially for children under three years of age, is crucial for parents’ participation in the labor market, reduces the risk of poverty for families with children and has a positive impact on fertility. This work is based on the idea of the special importance of social services for childcare in modern cities (especially, big cities) in the context of similar fertility trends in urban areas of Ukraine and other European countries. The purpose of this publication is to analyze social services for childcare in developed countries and Ukraine, identify major development problems and find ways to improve family policy in Ukraine at the level of big cities by studying the development of preschools in other countries and cities. The coverage of children with preschool education and care in Ukraine is significantly lower than in most European countries, especially for children under two years of age, where there is no noticeable growth trend. In big cities of Ukraine, against the background of relatively low coverage, the problem of overloaded preschools remains acute. The current problems, especially acute in big cities, are the low level of services, inconvenience for parents and low staff salaries. Useful experiences of family policy development in big cities of developed countries include: assistance in increasing the number of available places in preschools and childcare facilities (in particular, for children under three years of age), targeted financial support or reducing the tax burden for families with children using childcare services, wider support for vulnerable groups of families with children, development of individual childcare. It is important to implement complex family policy that combines the development of preschools with other tools to provide material support and promote employment for parents, as well as to promote practical gender equality and overcome the “double burden” for working mothers.
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