Design Optimisation of Pressure Vessel Bundles for Offshore Hydro-pneumatic Energy Storage

With the gradual shift towards renewable energy sources (RES), the ocean is now being recognised as an enormous natural source of clean energy which can supply power ranging from ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) to tidal and wave energy. Wind turbines have also been taken out at sea to benefit from the more favourable wind conditions offshore. In fact, offshore wind energy has now become the most technically advanced marine-based technology. The total global installed offshore wind capacity reached 29 Giga-Watts (GW) by the end of 2019, which has been reported to be the best year for the offshore wind industry to date [1].