Climate Change Effect on Coffee Yield and Quality: A Review

Coffee is one of the most widely drunk beverages in the world, and is a very important source of foreign exchange income for many countries. More than 125 million people in the coffee growing areas worldwide derive their income directly or indirectly from its products (Lashermes et al., 2011; Mishra and Slater, 2012). It ranks second after oil in international trade and has created several million jobs in the producer and consumer countries where more than nine million tons of green beans are produced annually (ICO, 2016). In the world, Brazil is the leading coffee producer and exporter country followed by Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia and Ethiopia (ICO, 2016). The genus Coffea comprises nearly 124 well identified species; however, Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora P. are the two commercially important species (Davis et al., 2006; Gray et al., 2013). Predominately, Arabica coffee represents 70% of global coffee production and Caniphora (Robusta) represents about 30% (Damatta and Ramalho, 2006; Davis et al., 2012). The production and productive of both species are largely dependent on the climate for attain high yields and quality (Killeen and Harper, 2016).