A comparability study of handwritten versus typed responses in high-stakes English language writing tests

This paper investigates fairness in writing test scores in terms of candidates who completed a writing test either by hand or typed, on a computer. The data for this large-scale comparability study comprise candidates taking English language writing tests at four CEFR levels – B1 to C2 in the period 2019–2022. The data were analysed via effect size differences and equivalence tests. Measured by effect size, a small amount of difference was apparent in scores obtained between the two production modes at B1, B2 and C1 levels. At C2 level, there was a medium effect size, indicative of a difference in favour of computer-produced scripts. Differences observed on equivalence tests – an adaptation of the standard t-test – were not found to be statistically significant. The contribution of the research to knowledge lies in the fact that (with the exception of C2 level) – whether writing tests are written by hand or on computer, while there is a slight skew towards higher scores with computer-processed texts, candidates generally receive similar scores in both modes. Practically, candidates may elect to write either on paper or on computer without fear of bias.