The systemic concept of formation and the problem of species

This concept of formation is quite similar to epigenetic one. The biological integrity is considered as an all-round concordance between constituents of structure, functioning, reacting and development, while an organism is seen as a dynamic-steady system of integrative relations between genome and phenome based on mutual influence. Any transformation or emergent self-organization within a living system is connected with the maintenance of its steady state. The adaptive constituent of the system’s steady state concerns to its fitness, and the structural constituent – to its steady-state structure. The only difference between ontogenesis and formation is that the object of the first one is an organism, while the object of the second one is a reproducing totality of organisms, which is elementary in the frame of typology and historically conditioned within a definite space. A species is considered as typologically indivisible and historically unrepeatable variant of steady relations between genome and phenome, which canalize the diversity of their own systemically permitted transformations. The «epigenetic» constituent of divergence between species is determined by difference in relations between phenome and genome, not by change of the latter’s compound. The «products» of epigenetic speciation distinctly differ in morphology and ecology, having a lack of post-zygotic reproductive isolation. The reproductive isolation between them is caused by ecological and ethological barriers. The genetic constituent of divergence between species is incompatibility between nonconspecific genomes, which more often is revealed in a form of hybrids sterility. The prevailing of the genetic constituent of interspecific divergence is caused by allopatrie in uniform environmental conditions. In such case, the genomic divergence is accompanied by invariable relations between genome and phenome, that determines morphological and ecological uniformity of cryptic species. The divergence between panmictic species more often includes both of the constituents in different ratio. Due to its universality, the systemic approach to the problem of species is also appropriate to apomictic organisms.