Biodiversity Offsets in New Zealand: Challenges, Opportunities, Options

The purpose of this paper is to examine, in a largely non-technical way, key issues and challenges associated with the use of biodiversity offsets in New Zealand. After describing the state of New Zealand biodiversity (as far as it is known), the existing legal and policy framework is briefly summarised. This is followed by a discussion on notable issues that have been identified to date.A number of ‘best practice’ guidance documents are surveyed, and alternative governance models discussed. Whether there is effective monitoring and enforcement of approved offset arrangements is also considered, drawing on recent research.Finally, future developments are examined, including the prospects of national policy guidance and statutory reform.