desync-cc: An Automatic Disassembly-Desynchronization Obfuscator

Code obfuscation is an important topic, both in terms of defense, when trying to prevent intellectual property theft, and from the offensive point of view, when trying to break obfuscation used by malware authors to hide their malicious intents. Consequently, several works in recent years have discussed techniques that aim to prevent or delay reverse-engineering of binaries. While most works focus on methods that obscure the program logic from potential attackers, the complimentary approach of disassembly desynchronization has received relatively little attention. This technique puts another hurdle in the way of attackers by targeting the most fundamental step of the reverse-engineering process: recovering assembly code from a program binary. The technique works by tricking a disassembler into decoding the instruction stream at an invalid offset. On CPU architectures with variable-length instructions, this often yields valid albeit meaningless assembly code, while hiding a part of the original code. In the interest of furthering research into disassembly desynchronization, both from a defensive and offensive point of view, we have created desync-cc, a tool for automatic application of disassembly-desynchronization obfuscation. The tool is designed as a drop-in replacement for gcc, and works by intercepting and modifying intermediate assembly code during compilation. By applying obfuscation after the code generation phase, our tool allows a much more granular control over where obfuscation is applied, compared to a source-code level obfuscator. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of desync-cc, and present a preliminary evaluation of its effectiveness and efficiency on a number of real-world Linux programs.