Non dark hyperbolic universe

Cosmology, in its broadest definition, is the study of the cosmos. It aims to provide an accurate description of the universe. Throughout much of the history of science, the development of cosmology was hampered by the lack of a universal physical theory. Observational tools were extremely limited, and there was no mathematical formulation for physical laws. Cosmology depends upon a fundamental premise. As a science, it must deal strictly with what can be observed, but the observable universe forms only a fraction of the whole cosmos. One is forced to make the fundamental but unverifiable assumption that the portion of the universe which can be observed is representative of the whole universe, and that the laws of physics are the same throughout the whole universe. Once we make this assumption, we can construct a model of the universe based on a description of its observable part.1 The satellite’s observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) indicate that the universe is geometrically –locallyflat, or pretty close to it. Not even perfectly flat. In the flat Universe where the curvature is zero and the density is the critical density, new hypothetical objects, dark energy and dark matter are essential to bridge the gap between theory and observation. It is clear that these new ingredients, dark energy and dark matter, arose as a consequence to the false flat universe paradigm. Without them, there would be a fatal contradiction between the observations made by astronomers and the predictions of the Big Bang Theory.2 The realization from the rotation curves of galaxies that there is considerably more matter with attractive gravity, called dark matter, than we can see via electromagnetic radiation (the visible matter) complicates things. With attractive gravity between the components of the universe the expectation was that the expansion velocity of the universe, the so called Hubble velocity, would decrease with time, i.e. a decelerating universe. The recent discovery that the Hubble velocity is increasing with time, an accelerating universe, was an immense surprise. This led to the postulation of the existence of a new component of the universe, dark energy, with some very unusual properties, not the least among which is that it has, in some sense of the word, repulsive gravity that drives the acceleration. A flat-dust universe with zero pressure models is an oversimplification solution to the Einstein’s Field equations. This led to drastic failure in predicting the missing mass and the accelerating expansion of the universe. We may question the accuracy of our solutions to the equations of General Relativity, which depend on some approximation scheme. These approximations provided analytical solutions which enabled most of the early progress in General Relativistic cosmology and astrophysics. We may question whether General Relativity is valid, given that the universe cannot be modeled sufficiently accurately by General Relativity without invoking either a cosmological constant, or some additional, unknown component of the universe. We modify the laws of gravity based on a hyperbolic spacetime rather than a flat spacetime.3 Such a modification explains the accelerating expansion of the Universe without need for dark energy and inflation and also explains the flat rotation curve without need for dark matter. Although perspective for nearby objects in hyperbolic space is very nearly identical to Euclidean space (i.e. the geometry of the Universe locally is approximately flat consistent with local observations), the apparent angular size of distant objects falls off much more rapidly, in fact exponentially. The topology of the Universe globally is hyperbolic as proposed and analysed mathematically “The Hyperbolic Geometry of the Universe and the wedding of General Relativity Theory to Quantum Theory”.4 The Hyperbolic Universe solution predicts the equation of state of cosmology, P = −ρ, consistent with accelerating expansion. The hyperbolic structure of the spacetime causes the accelerated expansion of the universe equivalent to its negative pressure.