7. Northern Europe

‘Northern Europe’ considers the garden history of the Low Countries, Germany, and Russia. Dutch and Flemish gardens of the 16th century had a markedly different character from the Renaissance gardens in Italy; garden art is one of the forms in which the differences are readily apparent. Gardens described include the gardens of Jan Vredeman de Vries, which contained medieval and Erasmian elements laid out with a painterly attention to detail and form; the Honselaarsdijk estate of Prince Frederik Hendrik, between The Hague and the Hook of Holland; the Hortus Academicus at Leiden; Germany’s first important public garden, the Englische Garten in Munich; and Pavlovsk in Russia, one of the world’s greatest landscape gardens.