Overview of Scottish plant conservation: Problems, research needs and policy issues

Summary Although Scotland's vascular plant flora is depauperate in comparison with that of Mediterranean countries, it has a particularly rich bryophyte and lichen flora of international importance. It is a country with great habitat diversity including unique habitats like the woodlands and mountains of the west coast. Conservation of plant species and habitats in Scotland has been directed through targeted action plans since 1995. Analyses have been made of their effectiveness and of the research needs arising from these targets. Monitoring and survey work are essential for effective target setting, and for reviewing progress. Important cross-cutting issues include the science for conservation and genetic diversity, ecosystem function, the impact of non-native species and climate change. The Biodiversity Action Plan process has proved to be an effective tool. However, we also need to consider a broader spectrum of the flora, to include other key habitats or species with Scottish populations of international importance, including many bryophytes and lichens. Expertise in these groups is scarce; their conservation is dependent on success in training the next generation of experts.