The emergence of criminology in Hungarian criminal sciences—late 19th — early 20th century

At the end of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, criminal justice policy was transformed by criminological thinking in Hungary. Enormous changes took place during this period. As Jenő Balogh put it, these did not simply involve the publication of revolutionary works in criminal law, but also the emergence of new branches of science including criminology. Without criminology, there can be no progress in criminal law: “In the chapters with great practical importance in terms of dogmatics, one must use the useful new ideas and latest achievements of the reform directions.”1 Certain criminological terms have become immanent parts of criminal law. It was under the influence of the new ideas that new institutions appeared within the scope of the Penal Code.