Optimal tariff system for integration of distributed resources based on a comparison of Brazil's and Germany's system

The energy trading in Brazil is conducted in two different environments: the Free Market (ACL) and the Regulated Market (ACR). In ACL, the free and specials consumers can freely negotiate their own energy. In contrast, the captive consumers belong to ACR, and do not have the option to choose their energy supplier. Germany also has a similar system, where the big consumers (industrial) can freely negotiate their energy and the small consumers (residential) must choose a provider and pay a fixed price for the energy, where prices vary very little from one provider to another. Recently in Brazil, it was created the white tariff providing conditions that stimulate some consumers to shift consumption from peak periods to those periods that the distribution network has idle capacity. Regarding distributed energy resources (DER), there are also some peculiarities between the two countries. The objective of this paper is to verify the impacts that German residential consumers and the distribution network would have with the implementation of an hourly tariff equivalent to the white tariff of Brazil. The tariff structure and energy market regulation from both countries are compared and several simulations considering real data from German consumers and tariffs are done.