Analyze the Sintering Additives or Dopant Techniques to Y-TZP

The doping method generally can be defined as intentionally adding foreign or impurity particles to change the properties of the material (mechanical, electrical, or thermal properties) by modifying the micro or nanostructure of the materials. Transitional metal oxide become of the most popular material as additive compound to dope in YSZ. It served as a good sintering aid which greatly benefit on cost and energy saving. Besides that, the addition compound for the objectives of improving mechanical properties especially of hardness and fracture toughness. Through the review of YSZ application in bio-material industry, it showed that 3mol% yttria stabilizer to TZP (3Y-TZP) received a great welcoming and exhibited attractive mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, to further improve the mechanical properties to widen the application of 3Y-TZP is always the the researchers is looking into. Numerous studies have demonstrated and documented how doping Y-TZP with transition metal oxides will improve and support the mechanical properties. Besides oxide elements as dopant, other non-oxide elements also played a role to enhance the mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP. However, these kinds of dopant displayed and exhibited slightly different outcome. Among all, alumina is one of the most popular be utilized to dope 3Y-TZP (or even other YSZ), and the outcome can be very interesting. Thus far, popular techniques of employing doping to 3Y-TZP generally can be divided into two types, one is single doping and co-doping. The aim of this section is to review the previous works and research on both techniques of their effect of transitional metal oxide as dopant to Y-TZP in term of sintering, densification, grain size development, mechanical properties, and other possible outcomes.