通往“正义理论”之路:约翰·罗尔斯40年代至50年代初的著作

D. Kiryukhin
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引用次数: 2

摘要

自约翰·罗尔斯(John Rawls)发表《正义论》(A Theory of Justice, 1971)以来的许多年里,研究者们认为罗尔斯的理论是洛克和康德自由主义传统发展的一个新阶段。然而,当罗尔斯的论文在哈佛大学档案馆被公开后,人们发现这个既定的观点并不完全准确。研究罗尔斯的早期著作(其中大部分尚未出版),可以更全面地了解他的理论形成的阶段和特征,并从一个新的角度看待20世纪政治哲学的发展史。这篇论文的重点是罗尔斯的作品,他写于40年代和50年代上半叶。对它们的研究仍然很少。此外,由于我们讨论的是在罗尔斯去牛津之前写的作品,当时他的“维特根斯坦转向”(P. Mackenzie Bock)已经完成,我们可以把它们看作是他思想发展的一个单独阶段。它们无疑引起了研究人员的兴趣。对罗尔斯早期作品的分析可以看出,他甚至在去牛津之前就开始形成罗尔斯正义理论的基本概念。在这些著作中,罗尔斯尚未研究正义本身的主题;然而,它们为“秩序良好的社会”和“原始位置”的概念奠定了基础,我们在“正义论”中找到了对正义环境的解释。虽然罗尔斯在战后放弃了宗教,导致他寻找公平合作的基本伦理原则,这可以合理地证明,但他在他的进一步作品中保留了对社会理想的总体取向,这是他在40年代在新正统新教神学的传统中形成的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The path to “a theory of justice”: works by John Rawls of the 40s — early 50s
Over the many years that have passed since John Rawls published “A Theory of Justice” (1971), researchers have considered Rawls’s theory to be a new stage in the development of the liberal tradition of Locke and Kant. However, after Rawls’s papers were opened at the Harvard University Archive, it became clear that this established idea is not entirely accurate. Studying Rawls’s early works, most of which are still unpublished, allowed to see more comprehensively both the stages and the features of the formation of his theory and, in general, to look at the history of the development of political philosophy in the twentieth century in a new way. The focus of this paper is on the works of Rawls, written in the 40s and the first half of the 50s. They are still poorly studied. Moreover, since we are talking about works written before Rawls’s trip to Oxford, when his “Wittgensteinian turn” (P. Mackenzie Bock) was completed, we can consider them a separate stage in the development of his thought. They are undoubtedly of interest to researchers. An analysis of early works by Rawls makes it possible to see that he was beginning to form the basic concepts of the Rawlsian theory of justice even before his trip to Oxford. In these works, Rawls has not yet studied the topic of justice itself; nevertheless, they lay the foundations for the concepts of a “well-ordered society” and the “original position”, the interpretation of the circumstances of justice that we find in “A Theory of Justice”. And, although after the war Rawls renounces religion, resulting in his search for basic ethical principles of fair cooperation that can be rationally justified, he nevertheless retains in his further works a general orientation towards the social ideal, which he formed in the 40s within the tradition of neo-orthodox Protestant theology.
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