Reliability of Electric Vehicle Integrated Systems under Battery-Exchange and Plug-in Mode

The growing environmental concerns have promoted the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and electrical vehicles (EVs). Depending on their operation requirements and strategies, EVs can function as either load or storage, which has a substantial impact on the reliability of the power system. The increase of EV integration into the power grids requires a comprehensive reliability assessment focusing on the generation adequacy of the system. In this paper, we propose a reliability model for the battery-exchange based EVs (BEVs) with a time-series aggregated EV user load profile. The operation strategy for a battery exchange station is formulated, which accounts for the intermittency of renewable resources. A random-sampling approach is implemented to develop an hourly plug-in EV (PEV) operation algorithm based on the probability distribution of PEVs in the charging stations. An off-peak battery exchange strategy is formulated to compare the effects of controlled versus uncontrolled EV charging on the system reliability. The effect of both BEVs and PEVs on the system reliability is assessed using the sequential Monte Carlo simulation.