人类发展的空间决定风险

T. M. Kalahsnykova
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摘要

本文的目的是研究人类发展的空间决定因素和人类发展的空间决定风险概念的内容。科学研究的新颖性在于确定对象、主体、结果对人类发展的空间确定性风险。本文首次提出并揭示了人类发展的空间确定性风险定义的本质。这进一步使我们能够形成评估所涉及风险的理论和方法基础。本文以作者提出的“人类发展空间”概念为基础,通过研究人类发展过程的形成和决定因素,探讨了人类发展过程的地域特征和空间特征。认为人类发展的空间决定因素包括物质空间特征、经济社会环境特征、人口日常生活条件等四组因素。独特的空间决定因素既带来人类发展的机遇,也带来威胁。在一定条件下,它们转化为人类发展风险和抗风险,成为抵御和对抗风险的因素。概括人类发展的威胁,确定了四类威胁,包括:不平等(收入不平等,获得福利,教育,住房等的不平等);分布不均(过度城市化、高度极化、基础设施或休闲区分布不均等);遥远;难接近。从理论上讲,独立领土可能会遭受上述所有威胁。此外,根据各自领土的个别空间特征和脆弱人口的存在,这些威胁可能会减弱或放大,这将减少或增加人类发展风险的可能性。作者将人类发展面临的主要风险分类为:社会排斥、健康风险、生命风险。提交人对空间上确定的人类发展风险的定义是,某一地区(或某些人)的人口(或某些人)受到社会排斥、健康受到某种程度的侵犯或生命被剥夺的客观存在的可能性,这与收入不平等、获得社会福利的机会不平等、住宿不均衡等造成的空间上局部的威胁有关。偏远和难以进入居住、工作、基础设施,包括社会和交通场所。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Spatially Determined Risks for Human Development
Th e purpose of this article is to study the spatial determinants of human development and the content of the concept of spatially determined risk for human development. Th e s cientifi c novelty of research is to determine the objects, subjects, results of spatial deterministic risk of human development. For the fi rst time, the essence of the defi nition of a spatially determined risk to human development is proposed and revealed. Th is further allows us to form a theoretical and methodological basis for assessing the risks involved. Th e article explores the territorial and spatial features of the process of human development by studying the factors that shape and determine it, basing on the author‘s concept of the “space for human development”. It is determined that the spatial determinants of human development include four groups of factors, which are the features of physical space, economic and social environment, conditions of daily life of the population. Th e distinctive spatial determinants carry both the opportunities for human development and the threats. Under certain conditions, they are transformed into human development risks and anti-risks as factors of the resilience and counteraction to risks. Generalizing the threats for human development, four classes of threats are identifi ed. Th ey include: inequality (income inequality, the unequal access to benefi ts, education, housing, etc.); uneven placement (hyper urbanization, hyper polarization, the uneven placement of infrastructure or recreational areas, etc); remoteness; inaccessibility. Separate territories can theoretically suff er from all of the above threats. Also, basing on the individual spatial characteristics of the respective territories and the presence of vulnerable populations, such threats may be leveled or amplifi ed. Th is will reduce or increase the probability of human development risks. Th e author distinguishes the main classes of risks for human development, which are: social exclusion, health risks, life risks. Th e author formulates own defi nition of a spatially determined risk for human development as an objectively existing probability of the social exclusion, violation of health of a certain severity or deprivation of life for the population of a certain territory (or certain individuals), which is connected with the action of spatially localized threats caused by income inequality and unequal access to social benefi ts, uneven accommodation, remoteness and diffi cult access to places of residence, work, infrastructure, including social and transport.
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