Outdoor and indoor experiments with localization using LTE signals

This paper reports experiments with realistic positioning using LTE downlink signals measurements. Sets of real live samples of LTE signals have been gathered during outdoor and indoor acquisitions in the town of Rapperswil, Switzerland. The collected data is then processed using a Super Resolution Algorithm in order to extract the received LTE cell specific reference signals, which are used to estimate the pseudoranges. Both an Extended Kalman Filter and an Iterative Least Squares algorithm are evaluated for processing the pseudoranges to obtain the location and time. The algorithms are compared and their different applications are discussed. The features and limitations of LTE signals and networks are also discussed and their impact on positioning performance assessed. The results show that positioning using LTE signals can achieve remarkable performance (50% error quantile as low as 6 m), and that their use is potentially suitable for indoor as well as outdoor applications.